ChemistryEleven

Functional Groups: Ethers and Esters

Ethers
Ethers are primarily a carbon parent chain separated by an oxygen

diethyl ether

dimethyl ether

Esters
Esters are primarily the combination of an ether and a carboxylic acid. Together, the create a ester and water. The table shows how to create an ester (esterfication)

You would name an ester the same way you would name an ether, but to name the parent chain, you need to identify which side has the double bonded oxygen, use that side as your parent chain, and use the ending -oate.

Functional Groups: Amines and Amides

Amines

Amines are chemical compounds that have a lone nitrogen group connected to a carbon in the parent chain

To name amines, the naming rules stay the same but change the ending to -amine.

Amides

Amides are very similar to amines in which not only a nitrogen is connected to a carbon, but also a double bonded oxygen is bonded to that carbon as well. So one Carbon will have both a Nitrogen group and a double bonded oxygen. To name amides, same rules apply and we replace the parent ending chain with -amide.

Functional Groups: Aldehydes, Keytones and Carboxylic Acids

Keytone
A keytone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded oxygen that is NOT at the end.

The chemical to the left (propanone) is the simplest keytone.
Examples:

4 floro 3 methyl 2 pentanone

1 floro 2 propanone

Aldehydes
An aldehyde is very similar to a keytone, but the the double bonded oxygen is on the end of the chain. Follow the standard naming rules and change the parent chain ending to -ol.

methanol (formaldehyde)

4,4 dichloro 3 methyl butanol

Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic Acids are formed by a double bonded oxygen and an OH connect to one Carbon.

3 dichloro 2 floro propanoic acid

2,3 dimethyl butanoic acid

Functional groups: Alchohols, Halides, Aldehydes, Keytones

Organic compounds can contain elements other than Carbon and Hydrogen
-these are known as functional groups
*Carbon chains without functional groups are written as R-
-in chemistry 11 we will learn about 9 different functional groups
1.Alcohols
2.Halides
3.Aldehydes
4.Ketones
5.Carboxylic Acids
6.Ethers
7.Amines
8.Amides
9.Esters

Alcohols
-an alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded to it
-same naming rules apply but the parent chain ending in -ol

4 methyl 2 butanol

ethanol

When 2 OH's are present, the same rules apply but you add 'multiplier' before the ending (di, tri, tetra)

2,4 butadiol

Halide
-group 7 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain
-Naming follows standard rules with halides using floro-, cloro-, bromo-, and iodo-

1 iodo 2 floro propane

2 bromo 4 chloro 1 ethyl pentane

Aromatic Nomenclature

A benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show its unique bond structure.


Benzene

*Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain.
*as a side chain it is given the name Phenyl

Aromatics

Benzene (C6H6) is a cyclic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms.

Benzene

-Structurally it can be drawn with alternating double bonds
-careful analysis shows that all 6 C-C bonds are identical and really represent a 1.5 bond
-This is due to electron resonance

Alicylics and Aromatics

-Carbon chains can form two types of closed loops
-Alicylics are loops usually made with single bonds
-If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: 'cyclo' is added in front of the parent chain. (this also applies to side chains containing Alicylics.)

-There are three different ways to draw organic compounds